Case Studies and Research

Championing Elite Performance: WCPC printed wearable heaters at Tokyo Olympics

At the Tokyo Olympics, top British medal winners were supported by an innovative wearable technology developed by WCPC: a new class of stretchable printed wearable heaters, designed to maintain muscle temperature, and thus support performance. This pioneering technology represents a significant stride in the field of sport performance improvement. The technology was collaboratively implemented by WCPC and A-STEM with support by English Institute of Sport (EIS), Haydale, Screentec and Newbury Electronics. WCPC web page

By overcoming technical challenges such as garment weight, washability, and battery operation, this achievement paves the way for future leaps in the integration of technology and elite sports.

Revolutionising Food Packaging: new pad-less tray technology

A new technology has been developed to enhance liquid retention in plastic food packaging. Centred around modified capillary recesses, it offers an effective solution for isolating meat exudate, a key factor in limiting shelf life. By increasing the retention capacity of meat trays, it contributes to reducing food waste and extending food longevity. The technology eliminates the need for traditional un-recyclable absorbent materials, ensuring that the packaging can be fully recycled.

WCPC web page

Developed in collaboration with Klockner Pentaplast, the technology is commercialised under the name Zapora™ . This innovation, which represents a significant stride in environmentally-conscious food packaging, has been internationally recognised, winning leading sector awards and object of a BBC news article.

Hybrid Electronics: pioneering Printed-Sensor-on-Chip Devices via Aerosol Jet Deposition

An innovative approach employing aerosol jet deposition (AJD) to print sensors directly onto pre-packaged integrated circuits (ICs) was developed at WCPC, thereby integrating printed and silicon electronics. This approach was demonstrated by fabricating a humidity sensor onto an analogue-to-digital converter, introducing the concept of Printed-Sensor-on-Chip devices (doi:10.1016/j.snb.2017.08.086). This breakthrough in electronics manufacturing reduces device footprint through vertical integration, while also providing opportunities for customization. By overcoming challenges with non-conformal surfaces and complex topographies, the AJD process shows great potential for broader sensor technology applications.

Tuning Ink formulation for conductivity and printability: the case for graphite and carbon black ratios

WCPC researchers examined the effects of varying graphite and carbon black ratios on conductive ink performance. By formulating and printing screen printable carbon inks, the impact on rheology, deposition, and conductivity was studied. The findings revealed that optimal conductivity was achieved with a specific optimum graphite to carbon black ratio (achieving 0.029 Ω·cm), demonstrating the existence of a unique sweet spot (doi:10.1007/s10853-017-1114-6). The work underlines the importance of the focus on accurate formulation performed at WCPC, opening avenues for further customization of conductive inks for various applications like energy storage and printed heaters, circuits, textiles.

Scientific Journal Publications

Abbas, B., Jewell, E., Lau, Y., Searle, J., & Claypole, T. (2023). Photonic sintering of copper for rapid processing of thick film conducting circuits on FTO coated glass. Scientific Reports, 13,5080

Ahmed, H., Bedding-Tyrrell, M., Deganello, D., Xia, Z., Xiong, Y., & Zhao, F. (2023). Efficient calculation of fluid-induced wall shear stress within tissue engineering scaffolds by an empirical model. Medicine in Novel Technology and Devices, 18, 100223

Alaizoki, A., Phillips, C., Hardwick, C., Parker, D., & Deganello, D. (2022). Enhanced liquid retention capacity within plastic food packaging through modified capillary recesses. Journal of Food Engineering, 323, 111010

Claypole, A., Claypole, J., Leeder, J., Stevens, G., Johnson, F., Bezodis, N., Parker, M., Claypole, T., Gethin, D., & Kilduff, L. (2022). Large area, stretchable, wearable, screen-printed carbon heaters for use in elite sport. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 20

Claypole, A., Claypole, J., Bezodis, N., Kilduff, L., Gethin, D., & Claypole, T. (2022). Printed Nanocarbon Heaters for Stretchable Sport and Leisure Garments. Materials, 15(2), 573

Alaizoki, A., Phillips, C., Parker, D., Hardwick, C., McGettrick, J., & Deganello, D. (2022). Improvement in liquid absorption of open-cell polymeric foam by plasma treatment for food packaging applications. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 139(17), 52015

de Boode, B., Phillips, C., Lau, J., Adomkevicius, A., McGettrick, J., & Deganello, D. (2022). Glassy carbon manufacture using rapid photonic curing. Journal of Materials Science, 57(1), 299-310.

Potts, S., Korochkina, T., Holder, A., Jewell, E., Phillips, C., & Claypole, T. (2022). The influence of carbon morphologies and concentrations on the rheology and electrical performance of screen-printed carbon pastes. Journal of Materials Science, 57(4), 2650-2666.

Ippolito, F., Hübner, G., Claypole, T., & Gane, P. (2021). Calcium Carbonate as Functional Filler in Polyamide 12-Manipulation of the Thermal and Mechanical Properties. Processes, 9(6), 937

Alaizoki, A., Phillips, C., Parker, D., Hardwick, C., Griffiths, C., & Deganello, D. (2021). Effect of plasma treatment on improving liquid retention capacity of capillary recesses for food packaging applications. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 30, 100759

Spieser, H., Jardin, A., Deganello, D., Gethin, D., Bras, J., & Denneulin, A. (2021). Rheology of cellulose nanofibrils and silver nanowires for the development of screen-printed antibacterial surfaces. Journal of Materials Science, 56(21), 12524-12538.

Ippolito, F., Hübner, G., Claypole, T., & Gane, P. (2021). Impact of Bimodal Particle Size Distribution Ratio of Functional Calcium Carbonate Filler on Thermal and Flowability Properties of Polyamide 12. Applied Sciences, 11(2), 641

Claypole, A., Claypole, J., Kilduff, L., Gethin, D., & Claypole, T. (2021). Stretchable Carbon and Silver Inks for Wearable Applications. Nanomaterials, 11(5), 1200

Spieser, H., Tehrani, Z., Ali, M., Daghigh Ahmadi, E., Denneulin, A., Bras, J., Deganello, D., & Gethin, D. (2021). Metal organic framework sensors on flexible substrate for ammonia sensing application at room temperature. Journal of Materials Chemistry C(19), 6332-6343.

Claypole, A., Claypole, J., Claypole, T., Gethin, D., & Kilduff, L. (2021). The effect of plasma functionalization on the print performance and time stability of graphite nanoplatelet electrically conducting inks. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 18(1), 193-203.

Menéndez, M., Martinez, A., Sánchez, P., Gomez, D., Andrés, L., Haponow, L., Bristow, N., Kettle, J., Korochkina, T., & Gethin, D. (2020). Development of intermediate layer systems for direct deposition of thin film solar cells onto low cost steel substrates. Solar Energy, 208, 738-746.

Shi, Y., He, R., Deng, X., Shao, Z., Deganello, D., Yan, C., & Xia, Z. (2020). Three-dimensional biofabrication of an aragonite-enriched self-hardening bone graft substitute and assessment of its osteogenicity in vitro and in vivo. Biomaterials Translational, 1(1), 69-81.

Wang, L., Zhang, W., Samavat, S., Deganello, D., & Teng, V. (2020). Vertically Aligned Graphene Prepared by Photonic Annealing for Ultrasensitive Biosensors. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 12(31), 35328-35336.

Assaifan, A., Alshehri, N., Lewis, A., Samavat, S., Lau, J., Deganello, D., & Teng, V. (2020). Effect of intense pulsed light on hydrothermally grown ZnO nanowires. Materials Letters, 271, 127797

Spieser, H., Denneulin, A., Deganello, D., Gethin, D., Koppolu, R., & Bras, J. (2020). Cellulose nanofibrils and silver nanowires active coatings for the development of antibacterial packaging surfaces. Carbohydrate Polymers, 240, 116305

Clifford, B., Phillips, C., & Deganello, D. (2020). Optimisation of aerosol jet deposition for high-resolution selective patterning of silver tracks. Journal of Print and Media Technology Research, 9(1), 21-29.

Tehrani, Z., Whelan, S., Mostert, B., Paulin, J., Ali, M., Daghigh Ahmadi, E., Graeff, C., Guy, O., & Gethin, D. (2020). Printable and flexible graphene pH sensors utilising thin film melanin for physiological applications. 2D Materials, 7(2), 024008

Rassek, P., Steiner, E., Herrenbauer, M., & Claypole, T. (2020). Gap width modification on fully screen-printed coplanar Zn|MnO2 batteries. Flexible and Printed Electronics, 5(3), 035007

Potts, S., Phillips, C., Claypole, T., & Jewell, E. (2020). The Effect of Carbon Ink Rheology on Ink Separation Mechanisms in Screen-Printing. Coatings, 10(10), 1008

Rassek, P., Steiner, E., Claypole, T., Krebs, M., & Herrenbauer, M. (2020). Passivation capability of carbon black layers for screen-printed battery applications with Ag current collectors. Applied Physics A, 126(8)

Claypole, A., Claypole, J., Holder, A., Claypole, T., & Kilduff, L. (2020). Rheology of high-aspect-ratio nanocarbons dispersed in a low-viscosity fluid. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 17(4), 1003-1012.

Ippolito, F., Hübner, G., Claypole, T., Gane, P., & Claypole, T. (2020). Influence of the Surface Modification of Calcium Carbonate on Polyamide 12 Composites. Polymers, 12(6), 1295

Potts, S., Phillips, C., Jewell, E., Clifford, B., Lau, Y., & Claypole, T. (2020). High-speed imaging the effect of snap-off distance and squeegee speed on the ink transfer mechanism of screen-printed carbon pastes. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 17(2), 447-459.

Ippolito, F., Rentsch, S., Hübner, G., Claypole, T., & Gane, P. (2019). Influence of calcium carbonate on polyamide 12 regarding melting, formability and crystallization properties. Composites Part B: Engineering, 164, 158-167.

Potts, S., Lau, Y., Dunlop, T., Claypole, T., Phillips, C., Claypole, T., & Phillips, C. (2019). Effect of photonic flash annealing with subsequent compression rolling on the topography, microstructure and electrical performance of carbon-based inks. Journal of Materials Science, 54(11), 8163-8176.

Rassek, P., Steiner, E., Herrenbauer, M., & Claypole, T. (2019). The effect of electrode calendering on the performance of fully printed Zn∣MnO2 batteries. Flexible and Printed Electronics, 4(3), 035003

Jalalian-Khakshour, A., Phillips, C., Jackson, L., Dunlop, T., Margadonna, S., & Deganello, D. (2019). Solid-state synthesis of NASICON (Na3Zr2Si2PO12) using nanoparticle precursors for optimisation of ionic conductivity. Journal of Materials Science, 55, 2291-2302.

Morgan, M., Curtis, D., & Deganello, D. (2019). Control of morphological and electrical properties of flexographic printed electronics through tailored ink rheology. Organic Electronics, 73, 212-218.

Mazzali, F., Orzech, M., Adomkevicius, A., Pisanu, A., Malavasi, L., Deganello, D., & Margadonna, S. (2019). Designing a High-Power Sodium-Ion Battery by in Situ Metal Plating. ACS Applied Energy Materials, 2(1), 344-353.

Allen, G., Griffin, S., Clifford, B., Phillips, C., Van Keulen, G., (2019). Development of bio-inspired protein-based materials as novel transparent adhesives for glass laminates. Access Microbiology, 1(1A)

Carey, T., Jones, C., Le Moal, F., Deganello, D., & Torrisi, F. (2018). Spray-Coating Thin Films on Three-Dimensional Surfaces for a Semitransparent Capacitive-Touch Device. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 10(23), 19948-19956.

Clifford, B., Beynon, D., Phillips, C., & Deganello, D. (2018). Printed-Sensor-on-Chip devices – Aerosol jet deposition of thin film relative humidity sensors onto packaged integrated circuits. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 255(1), 1031-1038.

Holder, A., Claypole, J., Claypole, T., Cooper, P., Williams, R., & Curtis, D. (2018). Fourier Transform Controlled Stress Parallel Superposition (FT-CSPS): Validation and application in processing printable functional materials. Physics of Fluids, 30(7), 077105

Morgan, M., Holder, A., Curtis, D., & Deganello, D. (2018). Formulation, characterisation and flexographic printing of novel Boger fluids to assess the effects of ink elasticity on print uniformity. Rheologica Acta, 57(2), 105-112.

Hughes, L., Bristow, N., Korochkina, T., Sanchez, P., Gomez, D., Kettle, J., & Gethin, D. (2018). Assessing the potential of steel as a substrate for building integrated photovoltaic applications. Applied Energy, 229, 209-223.

Radley, E., Lowe, C., & Gethin, D. (2018). Stress Whitening in Polyester Melamine Coatings. Johnson Matthey Technology Review, 62(3), 341-349.

Abid, H., Johnson, D., Clifford, B., Gethin, D., Bertoncello, P., Hashaikeh, R., & Hilal, N. (2018). Periodic electrolysis technique for in situ fouling control and removal with low-pressure membrane filtration. Desalination, 433, 10-24.

Phillips, C., Al-Ahmadi, A., Potts, S., Claypole, T., Deganello, D., (2017). The effect of graphite and carbon black ratios on conductive ink performance. Journal of Materials Science, 52(16), 9520-9530.

Fung, C., Lloyd, J., Samavat, S., Deganello, D., Teng, K., Teng, V., & Deganello, D. (2017). Facile fabrication of electrochemical ZnO nanowire glucose biosensor using roll to roll printing technique. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 247, 807-813.

Thomas, D., McCall, C., Tehrani, Z., Claypole, T., & Claypole, T. (2017). Three-Dimensional–Printed Laboratory-on-a-Chip With Microelectronics and Silicon Integration. Point of Care: The Journal of Near-Patient Testing & Technology, 16(2), 97-101.

Baker, J., Worsley, C., Lee, H., Clark, R., Tsoi, W., Williams, G., Worsley, D., Gethin, D., Watson, T., (2017). Development of Graphene Nano-Platelet Ink for High Voltage Flexible Dye Sensitized Solar Cells with Cobalt Complex Electrolytes. Advanced Engineering Materials

Abid, H., Lalia, B., Bertoncello, P., Hashaikeh, R., Clifford, B., Gethin, D., & Hilal, N. (2017). Electrically conductive spacers for self-cleaning membrane surfaces via periodic electrolysis. Desalination, 416, 16-23.

Mouhamad, Y., Mortensen, T., Holder, A., Lewis, A., Maffeis, T., & Deganello, D. (2016). High performance tunable piezoresistive pressure sensor based on direct contact between printed graphene nanoplatelet composite layers. RSC Advances, 6(107), 105206-105210.

Assaifan, A., Lloyd, J., Samavat, S., Deganello, D., Stanton, R., & Teng, V. (2016). Nanotextured Surface on Flexographic Printed ZnO Thin Films for Low-Cost Non-Faradaic Biosensors. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 8(49), 33802-33810.

Mogg, B., Deganello, D., Claypole, T., & Phillips, C. (2016). Flexographic printing of ultra-thin semiconductor polymer layers. Translational Materials Research, 3(1), 015001

Tomašegović, T., Beynon, D., Claypole, T., Poljaček, S., & Claypole, T. (2016). Tailoring the properties of deposited thin coating and print features in flexography by application of UV-ozone treatment. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 13(5), 815-828.

Tehrani, Z., Thomas, D., Korochkina, T., Phillips, C., Lupo, D., Lehtimäki, S., O'Mahony, J., Gethin, D (2016). Large-area printed supercapacitor technology for low-cost domestic green energy storage. Energy

Tehrani, Z., Nordli, H., Pukstad, B., Gethin, D., & Chinga-Carrasco, G. (2016). Translucent and ductile nanocellulose-PEG bionanocomposites—A novel substrate with potential to be functionalized by printing for wound dressing applications. Industrial Crops and Products, 93, 193-202.

Malik, T., Malik, F., Clement, R., Gethin, D., Kiernan, M., Goral, T., Griffiths, P., Beynon, D., Parker, A., Gethin, D., Clement, M., & Beynon, D. (2016). Hierarchical structures of cactus spines that aid in the directional movement of dew droplets. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 374(2073), 20160110

Kettle, J., Bristow, N., Moudam, O., Li, B., Katz, E., Benatto, G., Krebs, F., Gethin, D., & Tehrani, Z. (2016). Printable luminescent down shifter for enhancing efficiency and stability of organic photovoltaics. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 144, 481-487.

Baker, J., McGettrick, J., Gethin, D., Watson, T., Gethin, D., Watson, T., McGettrick, J., & Baker, J. (2015). Impedance Characteristics of Transparent GNP-Pt Ink Catalysts for Flexible Dye Sensitized Solar Cells. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 162(8), H564-H569.

Powell, L., Rees, A., Powell, L., Chinga-Carrasco, G., Gethin, D., Syverud, K., Hill, K., & Thomas, D. (2015). 3D Bioprinting of Carboxymethylated-Periodate Oxidized Nanocellulose Constructs for Wound Dressing Applications. BioMed Research International, 2015, 1-7.

Giannetti, C., Ransing, M., Ransing, R., Bould, D., Gethin, D., & Sienz, J. (2015). Organisational Knowledge Management for Defect Reduction and Sustainable Development in Foundries. International Journal of Knowledge and Systems Science, 6(3), 18-37.

Tehrani, Z., Korochkina, T., Govindarajan, S., Thomas, D., O’Mahony, J., Kettle, J., Claypole, T., & Gethin, D. (2015). Ultra-thin flexible screen printed rechargeable polymer battery for wearable electronic applications. Organic Electronics, 26, 386-394.

Jewell, E., Hamblyn, S., Claypole, T., & Gethin, D. (2015). Deposition of High Conductivity Low Silver Content Materials by Screen Printing. Coatings, 5(2), 172-185.

Malik, T., Malik, F., Clement, R., Gethin, D., Beysens, D., Cohen, R., Krawszik, W., Parker, A., Gethin, D., & Clement, M. (2015). Dew harvesting efficiency of four species of cacti. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 10(3), 036005

Publications ct'd

Benson, J., Fung, C., Lloyd, J., Deganello, D., Smith, N., Teng, K., & Teng, V. (2015). Direct patterning of gold nanoparticles using flexographic printing for biosensing applications. Nanoscale Research Letters, 10(1)

Curtis, D., Holder, A., Badiei, N., Claypole, J., Walters, M., Thomas, B., Barrow, M., Deganello, D., Brown, R., Williams, R., & Hawkins, K. (2015). Validation of Optimal Fourier Rheometry for rapidly gelling materials and its application in the study of collagen gelation. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 222, 253-259.

Curtis, D., Badiei, N., Holder, A., Claypole, J., Deganello, D., Brown, R., Lawrence, M., Evans, A., Williams, R., & Hawkins, K. (2015). Assessment of the stress relaxation characteristics of critical gels formed under unidirectional shear flow by controlled stress parallel superposition rheometry. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 222, 227-233.

Lloyd, J., Fung, C., Alvim, E., Deganello, D., Teng, K., Teng, V., & Deganello, D. (2015). UV photodecomposition of zinc acetate for the growth of ZnO nanowires. Nanotechnology, 26(26), 265303

Baker, J., Deganello, D., Gethin, D., Watson, T., Gethin, D., Deganello, D., Watson, T., & Baker, J. (2014). Flexographic printing of graphene nanoplatelet ink to replace platinum as counter electrode catalyst in flexible dye sensitised solar cell. Materials Research Innovations, 18(2), 86-90.

Phillips, C., Parthaláin, N., Syed, Y., Deganello, D., Claypole, T., & Lewis, K. (2014). Short-Term Intra-Subject Variation in Exhaled Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in COPD Patients and Healthy Controls and Its Effect on Disease Classification. Metabolites, 4(2), 300-318.

Phillips, C., Beynon, D., Hamblyn, S., Davies, G., Gethin, D., & Claypole, T. (2014). A Study of the Abrasion of Squeegees Used in Screen Printing and Its Effect on Performance with Application in Printed Electronics. Coatings, 4(2), 356-379.

Giannetti, C., Ransing, R., Ransing, M., Bould, D., Gethin, D., & Sienz, J. (2014). A novel variable selection approach based on co-linearity index to discover optimal process settings by analysing mixed data. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 72, 217-229.

Malik, T., Malik, F., Clement, M., Gethin, D., Krawszik, W., & Parker, A. (2014). Nature's moisture harvesters: a comparative review. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 9(3), 031002

Jewell, E., Gethin, D., Claypole, T., (2013). The impact of carbon content and mesh on the characteristics of screen printed conductive structures. Circuit World, 39(1), 13

Lloyd, J., Fung, C., Deganello, D., Wang, R., Maffeis, T., Lau, S., Teng, K., Teng, V., Maffeis, T., Deganello, D., & Fung, C. (2013). Flexographic printing-assisted fabrication of ZnO nanowire devices. Nanotechnology, 24(19), 195602

Cherrington, M., Claypole, T., Gethin, D., Worsley, D., Deganello, D., Claypole, T., Deganello, D., & Worsley, D. (2012). Non-contact assessment of electrical performance for rapidly sintered nanoparticle silver coatings through colorimetry. Thin Solid Films, 522, 412-414.

Deganello, D., Cherry, J., Gethin, D., Claypole, T., & Deganello, D. (2012). Impact of metered ink volume on reel-to-reel flexographic printed conductive networks for enhanced thin film conductivity. Thin Solid Films, 520(6), 2233-2237.

Kuncheva, L., Rodríguez, J., Syed, Y., Phillips, C., & Lewis, K. (2012). Classifier Ensemble Methods for Diagnosing COPD from Volatile Organic Compounds in Exhaled Air. International Journal of Knowledge Discovery in Bioinformatics, 3(2), 1-15.

Phillips, C., Syed, Y., Parthaláin, N., Zwiggelaar, R., Claypole, T., Lewis, K., Claypole, T., & Phillips, C. (2012). Machine learning methods on exhaled volatile organic compounds for distinguishing COPD patients from healthy controls. Journal of Breath Research, 6(3), 036003

Phillips, C., Govindarajan, S., Hamblyn, S., Conlan, R., Gethin, D., Claypole, T., Claypole, T., & Conlan, S. (2012). Patterning of Antibodies Using Flexographic Printing. Langmuir, 28(25), 9878

Deganello, D., Williams, A., Croft, T., Lubansky, A., Gethin, D., Claypole, T., Gethin, D., Croft, N., Williams, A., & Deganello, D. (2011). Level-set method for the modelling of liquid bridge formation and break-up. Computers & Fluids, 40(1), 42-51.

Cherrington, M., Claypole, T., Deganello, D., Mabbett, I., Watson, T., & Worsley, D. (2011). Ultrafast near-infrared sintering of a slot-die coated nano-silver conducting ink. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 21(21), 7562

Lubansky, A., Brad, R., Williams, P., Deganello, D., Claypole, T., Williams, R., & Deganello, D. (2011). Measuring maximum tensile strength of liquids at low stressing rates. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 166(16), 896-899.

Bould, D., Hamblyn, S., Gethin, D., Claypole, T., & Claypole, T. (2011). Effect of impression pressure and anilox specification on solid and halftone density. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 255(5), 699-709.

Deganello, D., Croft, N., Williams, A., Lubansky, A., Gethin, D., & Claypole, T. (2011). Numerical simulation of dynamic contact angle using a force based formulation. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 166(16), 900-907.

Deganello, D., Gethin, D., Claypole, T., (2010). Patterning of micro-scale conductive networks using reel-to-reel flexographic printing. Thin Solid Films 518(21), 6113-6116

Gethin, D., Claypole, T., & Phillips, C. (2009). Finite element modelling of low temperature forming of polymer films with application in in-mould decoration. Materials & Design

Gethin, D., Claypole, T., & Phillips, C. (2008). Mechanical properties of polymer films used in in-mould decoration. Journal of Materials Processing Technology

Gethin, D., Claypole, T., & Jewell, E. (2008). Experimental and numerical investigation into nonlinear deformation of silicone rubber pads during ink transfer process. Polymer Testing

Gethin, D., Claypole, T., Jewell, E., & Phillips, C. (2008). Development of measurement techniques to characterize the optical properties of transparent films with application in in-mould decoration. Measurement Science and Technology

Bould, D., Claypole, T., & Bohan, M. (2004). An investigation into plate deformation in flexographic printing. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 218(11), 1499-1511.

Gethin, D., Claypole, T., Fox, I., Bohan, M., & Claypole, T. (2003). Influence of non-Newtonian fluids on the performance of a soft elastohydrodynamic nip contact with surface roughness. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 217(6) 447-459.